Person Page - 3151

     Wendelgarde (?) married Ulrich V (?) Graf in the Argengau, son of Ulrich IV (?) Graf in the Argengau und Linzgau.¹

     EDV-33.

; niece of Heinrich 'the Fowler.¹'

     Ulrich VI (?) Graf in the Upper Hatien & Lower Haien married Dietburga (?)²

Ulrich VI (?) Graf in the Upper Hatien & Lower Haien died on 10 August 955 at Lechfield; Killed in battle.¹
     EDV-32.

     Dietburga (?) married Ulrich VI (?) Graf in the Upper Hatien & Lower Haien, son of Ulrich V (?) Graf in the Argengau and Wendelgarde (?).¹

      ; Per Genealogics: "he built Schloss Kyburg."¹

     Unknown (?) married Aethelberht (?) King of Kent, son of Eormenric (?) King of Kent, after 601
;
His 2nd wife.¹ Unknown (?) married Eadbald (?) King of Kent, son of Aethelberht (?) King of Kent and Bertha (?) Queen of Kent, after 616
;
His 1st wife.¹
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "m secondly (after 601), as her first husband, --- (-after [618]). The name of the second wife of King Æthelberht is not known. According to William of Malmesbury[281], she was "another Frankish princess" but no corroboration has been found for this. She married secondly, as his first wife, her stepson Eadbald King of Kent after the death of King Æthelberht, but was repudiated (see below). Her second marriage is confirmed by Bede who records that "filius eius Eadbald" succeeded as king after the death of "Aedilbercti", adding that he refused to embrace Christianity and was also "fornicatione pollutus" because he had "uxorem patris", adding in a later passage that her husband was persuaded to repudiate her when he was converted to Christianity[282]."
Med Lands cites:

     Eormenric (?) King of Kent died between 560 and 580.¹
     GAV-43.

; From Wikipedia:
     "Eormenric of Kent was King of Kent from c. 534/540 to 564/580. His father may have been Octa of Kent, whom Eormenric succeeded. His son, Æthelberht of Kent, in turn succeeded him around 580/590, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
     "Gregory of Tours records that the marriage of Æthelberht to a Frankish princess, Bertha, took place while he was filius regis (the son of the king), most likely during the reign of his father, whom the genealogies name Eormenric. Therefore, Eormenric can be regarded as the first historical King of Kent. As the date of the marriage is not known, Eormenric's reign cannot be dated. The Venerable Bede placed his death in 560, but since his son's wife was not even born at that time, it seems unlikely. Rather, Gregory implies that Æthelberht's father was still reigning as of his writing (589).
     "Eormenric's Frankish connection goes deeper than his daughter-in-law. The first component of his name Eormen- was uncommon in England at the time, but common in Francia. Both Eormen- and -ric were used repeatedly in naming by the Oiscingas thereafter.
See also
** List of monarchs of Kent: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Kent
References
** Yorke, Barbara (2004). "Kent, kings of (act. c.450–c.590)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press: https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-52343;jsessionid=7974E827C6D9520E55A1DDF984BDF3DB
External links
** Eormenric 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England and http://www.pase.ac.uk/."²

; Per Med Lands:
     "[EORMENRIC (-[560/80]). Bede names "Irminrici" as son of "Octa"[257]. The sources are contradictory regarding dates. According to William of Malmesbury[258] "to the times of both [King Ochta and King Eormenric] the Chronicles assign fifty-three years". The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the accession of King Æthelberht in 565[259]. However, elsewhere the Chronicle assigns an improbably long reign of fifty three years to Eormenric's son Æthelberht which, assuming the latter did in fact die in 616, would place his father's death in 563. Bede (see below) states that King Æthelberht ruled for fifty-six years, indicating an even earlier accession in 560. The decisive evidence may be provided by the marriage of King Æthelberht which, according to Gregory of Tours, occurred while his father still ruled Kent but which, as explained below, is likely to be dated to [580].
     "m ---. The name of King Eormenric's wife is not known.]"
Med Lands cites: He was King of Kent (See attached map of the British Isles ca 802 from Wikipedia: By William Robert Shepherd - Source:This image is a copy or a derivative work of british_isles_802.jpg, from the map collection of the Perry–Castañeda Library (PCL) of the University of Texas at Austin.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.Original: Shepherd, William R. (1926) Historical Atlas, Category:New York: Henry Holt and Company, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=444734) between 534 and 590.²

     Ochta (?) died in 539.¹
     GAV-44.

; Per Wikipedia:
     "Octa (or Octha) (c. 500 – 543) was an Anglo-Saxon King of Kent during the 6th century. Sources disagree on his relationship to the other kings in his line; he may have been the son of Hengist or Oisc, and may have been the father of Oisc or Eormenric. The dates of his reign are unclear, but he may have ruled from 512 to 534 or from 516 to 540. Despite his shadowy recorded history Octa made an impact on the Britons, who describe his deeds in several sources.
Sources
     "The 9th-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, one of the most important sources for this period of history, does not mention Octa. It does, however, mention Hengist and gives Oisc as his son. However, Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed around 731, names Octa as the son of "Orric, surnamed Oisc" and the grandson of Hengist.[1] Conversely, the 9th-century Cotton Vespasian manuscript indicates that Octa was the son of Hengist and the father of Oisc.
     "Octa also appears in the Historia Brittonum, a 9th-century history of the Britons. According to the narrative, Hengist, who had settled in Britain with the consent of the British king Vortigern as defence against the Scots, sends for his sons Octa and Ebusa to supplement his forces. Octa and Ebusa subsequently raid Scotland.[2] After Hengist's death Octa becomes king of Kent.[3] Some manuscripts of the Historia include genealogies of the Saxon kingdoms; the genealogy of the kings of Kent names Octa as the son and successor to Hengist and the father to the subsequent king Ossa.[4]
In literature
     "Octa appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's 12th-century pseudohistory Historia Regum Britanniae. The earlier scenes featuring him are taken directly from the Historia Brittonum, while the later scenes have no known source, and were likely invented by Geoffrey. As in the Historia Brittonum, Octa is brought to Britain by his father with Vortigern's consent.[5] Later, Vortigern is deposed by the rightful King of the Britons, Aurelius Ambrosius (the historical Ambrosius Aurelianus) and Hengist is captured and later executed. Octa leads his men to York and continues to harry the Britons, along with his kinsman Eosa.[6] Aurelius besieges York, and eventually Octa surrenders. He negotiates a truce in which the Saxons are allowed to stay in northern Britain as vassals to Aurelius.[7] After the death of Aurelius, however, Octa and Eosa regard the treaty as no longer binding and resume their belligerence. The new king, Aurelius' brother Uther Pendragon, leads his armies against the Saxons and routs them in a surprise night attack. Octa and Eosa are taken prisoner, but they eventually escape and return to Germany. They return with a vast army, and Uther meets them again in a battle in which Octa and Eosa are finally slain.[8]
     "Octa may appear in Welsh Arthurian literature as Osla Bigknife, though this character may be better identified with Offa of Mercia.[9] This Osla figures in two medieval prose tales, Culhwch and Olwen (c. 1100) and The Dream of Rhonabwy (12th- or 13th-century). In Culhwch he is a member of King Arthur's retinue; he is named in a list of Arthur's followers, and his weapon "Bronllavyn Short Broad", which is wide enough for Arthur's army to use as a bridge, is described.[10] Osla later participates in the hunt for the great boar Twrch Trwyth, during which he nearly drowns when the sheath of his great knife fills with water.[11] In Rhonabwy Osla is Arthur's opponent at the Battle of Badon.[12]
Notes
1. Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book 2, chapter 5.
2. Historia Brittonum, ch. 38.
3. Historia Brittonum, ch. 56.
4. Historia Brittonum, ch. 58.
5. Historia Regum Britanniae, Book 6, chapter 13.
6. Historia Regum Britanniae, Book 8, chapter 6.
7. Historia Regum Britanniae, Book 8, chapter 8.
8. Historia Regum Britanniae, Book 8, chapter 18; 21–23.
9. Gantz, p. 19.
10. Gantz, pp. 144–145.
11. Gantz, p. 174.
12. Gantz, p. 183.
References
** Gantz, Jeffrey (translator) (1987). The Mabinogion. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044322-3.
External links
** Ochta 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England: http://www.pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=13415."³

; Per Med Lands:
     "[OCHTA (-539). Bede records that "Octa" was son of "Oeric cognomento Oisc"[256]. Son of Hengist and father of Oisc according to the genealogy in the Anglian collection. He succeeded his father as king of Kent.]
     "m ---. The name of Ochta's wife is not known."
Med Lands cites: [256] Bede Historia Ecclesiastica (Plummer), Book II, Chapter V, p. 90.¹ He was King of Kent (See attached map of the British Isles ca 802 from Wikipedia: By William Robert Shepherd - Source:This image is a copy or a derivative work of british_isles_802.jpg, from the map collection of the Perry–Castañeda Library (PCL) of the University of Texas at Austin.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.Original: Shepherd, William R. (1926) Historical Atlas, Category:New York: Henry Holt and Company, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=444734) between 514 and 534.³

     Oeric/Oisc/Æsc (?) died in 512.¹
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "[ŒRIC [Oisc/Æsc], son of HENGIST (-512). Bede names "Oeric cognomento Oisc" as son of "Hengist", adding that the kings of Kent were usually called "Oiscingas" after his name[248]. He was the son of Ochta, son of Hengist, according to the genealogy in the Anglian collection. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 455 Hengist and Horsa fought against King Vortigern at "Agælesfrep" [Aylesford] where Horsa was killed, adding that "after that Hengest succeeded to the kingdom and Æsc his son"[249]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 457 "Hengist and Æesc" fought against the Britons at "Crecganford" [Crayford] where they "slew four thousand men" after which "the Britons…forsook Kent and fled to London"[250]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 465 "Hengist and Æsc" fought against the Welsh near "Wippedesfleot" where they "slew twelve Welsh nobles"[251]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 473 "Hengist and Æesc" fought against the Welsh again[252]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 488 "Æsc succeeded to the kingdom and was king of the people of Kent twenty-four years" but does not say that this was when Hengist died[253]. William of Malmesbury records that he was "more intent on defending than enlarging his dominions, never exceeded his paternal bounds"[254]. William of Malmesbury reports that Œric died "at the expiration of twenty-four years [from his accession]"[255].]"
Med Lands cites: GAV-45. He was King of Kent (See attached map of the British Isles ca 802 from Wikipedia: By William Robert Shepherd - Source:This image is a copy or a derivative work of british_isles_802.jpg, from the map collection of the Perry–Castañeda Library (PCL) of the University of Texas at Austin.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.Original: Shepherd, William R. (1926) Historical Atlas, Category:New York: Henry Holt and Company, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=444734) between 488 and 512.^3,4

     Hengist (?) King of Kent died in 488.¹
      ; Per Wikipedia:
     "Hengist and Horsa are legendary brothers said to have led the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in their invasion of Britain in the 5th century. Tradition lists Hengist as the first of the Jutish kings of Kent.
     "According to early sources, Hengist and Horsa arrived in Britain at Ebbsfleet on the Isle of Thanet. For a time, they served as mercenaries for Vortigern, King of the Britons, but later they turned against him (British accounts have them betraying him in the Treachery of the Long Knives). Horsa was killed fighting the Britons, but Hengist successfully conquered Kent, becoming the forefather of its kings.
     "A figure named Hengest, who may be identifiable with the leader of British legend, appears in the Finnesburg Fragment and in Beowulf.
     "Legends of horse-associated founding brothers are attested among other Germanic peoples and appear in other Indo-European cultures. As a result, scholars have theorized a pan-Germanic mythological origin for Hengist and Horsa, stemming originally from divine twins found in Proto-Indo-European religion.
Etymology
     "The Old English names Hengest [hend?est] and Horsa [hors?] mean "stallion" and "horse" respectively.[1]
     "The original Old English word for a horse was eoh. Eoh derives from the Proto-Indo-European base *ekwo, hence Latin equus which gave rise to the modern English words equine and equestrian. Hors is derived from the Proto-Indo-European base *kurs, to run, which also gave rise to hurry, carry and current (the latter two are borrowings from French). Hors eventually replaced eoh, fitting a pattern elsewhere in Germanic languages where the original names of sacred animals are abandoned for adjectives; for example, the word bear, meaning 'the brown one'. While the Ecclesiastical History and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle refer to the brother as Horsa, in the History of the Britons his name is simply Hors. It has been suggested that Horsa may be a pet form of a compound name with the first element "horse".[2]
Attestations
On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain
     "Hengist and Horsa are not mentioned by St Gildas (AD 500-570) in his sermon, De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae - one of the most important sources for this period, written by a near contemporary of the people and events described.
Ecclesiastical History of the English People
     "In his 8th century Ecclesiastical History, Bede records that the first chieftains among the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes in England were said to have been Hengist and Horsa. He relates that Horsa was killed in battle against the Britons and was thereafter buried in East Kent, where at the time of writing a monument still stood to him. According to Bede, Hengist and Horsa were the sons of Wictgils, son of Witta, son of Wecta, son of Woden.[3]
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
     "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which exists in nine manuscripts and fragments, compiled from the 9th to the 12th centuries, records that in the year 449 Hengist and Horsa were invited to Britain by Vortigern to assist his forces in fighting the Picts. They landed at Eopwinesfleot (Ebbsfleet), and went on to defeat the Picts wherever they fought them. Hengist and Horsa sent word home to Germany describing "the worthlessness of the Britons, and the richness of the land" and asked for assistance. Their request was granted and support arrived. Afterward, more people arrived in Britain from "the three powers of Germany; the Old Saxons, the Angles, and the Jutes". The Saxons populated Essex, Sussex, and Wessex; the Jutes Kent, the Isle of Wight, and part of Hampshire; and the Angles East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria (leaving their original homeland, Angeln, deserted). The Worcester Chronicle (Chronicle D, compiled in the 11th century), and the Peterborough Chronicle (Chronicle E, compiled in the 12th century), include the detail that these forces were led by the brothers Hengist and Horsa, sons of Wihtgils, son of Witta, son of Wecta, son of Woden, but this information is not included in the A, B, C, or F versions.[4]
     "In the entry for the year 455 the Chronicle details that Hengist and Horsa fought with Vortigern at Aylesford and that Horsa died there. Hengist took control of the kingdom with his son Esc. In 457, Hengist and Esc fought against British forces in Crayford "and there slew four thousand men". The Britons left the land of Kent and fled to London. In 465, Hengest and Esc fought again at the Battle of Wippedesfleot, probably near Ebbsfleet, and slew twelve British leaders. In the year 473, the final entry in the Chronicle mentioning Hengist or Horsa, Hengist and Esc are recorded as having taken "immense booty" and the Britons having "fled from the English like fire".[5]
History of the Britons
     "The 9th century History of the Britons, attributed to the Briton Nennius, records that, during the reign of Vortigern in Britain, three vessels that had been exiled from Germany arrived in Britain, commanded by Hengist and Horsa. The narrative then gives a genealogy of the two: Hengist and Horsa were sons of Guictglis, son of Guicta, son of Guechta, son of Vouden, son of Frealof, son of Fredulf, son of Finn, son of Foleguald, son of Geta. Geta was said to be the son of a god, yet "not of the omnipotent God and our Lord Jesus Christ," but rather "the offspring of one of their idols, and whom, blinded by some demon, they worshipped according to the custom of the heathen." In 447 AD, Vortigern received Hengist and Horsa "as friends" and gave to the brothers the Isle of Thanet.[6]
     "After the Saxons had lived on Thanet for "some time" Vortigern promised them supplies of clothing and other provisions on condition that they assist him in fighting the enemies of his country. As the Saxons increased in number the Britons became unable to keep their agreement, and so told them their assistance was no longer needed and they should go home.[7]
     "Vortigern allowed Hengist to send for more of his countrymen to come over to fight for him. Messengers were sent to "Scythia", where "a number" of warriors were selected, and, with sixteen ships, the messengers returned. With the men came Hengist's beautiful daughter. Hengist prepared a feast, inviting Vortigern, Vortigern's officers, and Ceretic, his translator. Prior to the feast, Hengist enjoined his daughter to serve the guests plenty of wine and ale so that they would become drunk. At the feast Vortigern became enamored with her and promised Hengist whatever he liked in exchange for her betrothal. Hengist, having "consulted with the Elders who attended him of the Angle race," demanded Kent. Without the knowledge of the then-ruler of Kent, Vortigern agreed.[8]
     "Hengist's daughter was given to Vortigern, who slept with her and deeply loved her. Hengist told him that he would now be both his father and adviser and that he would know no defeat with his counsel, "for the people of my country are strong, warlike, and robust." With Vortigern's approval, Hengist would send for his son and his brother to fight against the Scots and those who dwelt near the wall. Vortigern agreed and Ochta and Ebissa arrived with 40 ships, sailed around the land of the Picts, conquered "many regions," and assaulted the Orkney Islands. Hengist continued to send for more ships from his country, so that some islands where his people had previously dwelt are now free of inhabitants.[9]
     "Vortigern had meanwhile incurred the wrath of Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre (by taking his own daughter for a wife and having a son by her) and had gone into hiding at the advice of his counsel. But at length his son Vortimer engaged Hengist and Horsa and their men in battle, drove them back to Thanet and there enclosed them and beset them on the western flank. The war waxed and waned; the Saxons repeatedly gained ground and were repeatedly driven back.[10] Vortimer attacked the Saxons four times: first enclosing the Saxons in Thanet, secondly fighting at the river Derwent, the third time at Epsford, where both Horsa and Vortigern's son Catigern died, and lastly "near the stone on the shore of the Gallic sea," where the Saxons were defeated and fled to their ships.
     "After a "short interval" Vortimer died and the Saxons became established, "assisted by foreign pagans." Hengist convened his forces and sent to Vortigern an offer of peace. Vortigern accepted, and Hengist prepared a feast to bring together the British and Saxon leaders.[11] However, he instructed his men to conceal knives beneath their feet. At the right moment, Hengist shouted nima der sexa (get your knives) and his men massacred the unsuspecting Britons. However, they spared Vortigern, who ransomed himself by giving the Saxons Essex, Sussex, Middlesex, and other unnamed districts.[12]
     "Germanus of Auxerre was acclaimed as commander of the British forces. By praying, singing hallelujah and crying to God, the Saxons were driven to the sea. Germanus then prayed for three days and nights at Vortigern's castle and fire fell from heaven and engulfed the castle. Vortigern, Hengist's daughter, Vortigern's other wives, and all other inhabitants burned to death. Potential alternate fates for Vortigern are provided.[13] However, the Saxons continued to increase in numbers, and after Hengist died his son Ochta succeeded him.[14]
History of the Kings of Britain
     "In his pseudo-historical twelfth century work The History of the Kings of Britain, Geoffrey of Monmouth adapted and greatly expanded the account in the History of the Britons. Hengist and Horsa appear in books 6 and 8:
Book 6
     "Geoffrey records that three brigantines or long galleys arrived in Kent, full of armed men and commanded by two brothers, Hengist and Horsa. Vortigern was then staying at Dorobernia (Canterbury), and ordered that the "tall strangers" be received peacefully and brought to him. When Vortigern saw the company, he immediately observed that the brothers "excelled all the rest both in nobility and in gracefulness of person." He asked what country they had come from and why they had come to his kingdom. Hengist ("whose years and wisdom entitled him to precedence") replied that they had left their homeland of Saxony to offer their services to Vortigern or some other prince, as part of a Saxon custom in which, when the country became overpopulated, able young men were chosen by lot to seek their fortunes in other lands. Hengist and Horsa were made generals over the exiles, as befitted their noble birth.[15]
     "Vortigern was aggrieved when he learned that the strangers were pagans, but nonetheless rejoiced at their arrival, since he was surrounded by enemies. He asked Hengist and Horsa if they would help him in his wars, offering them land and "other possessions." They accepted the offer, settled on an agreement, and stayed with Vortigern at his court. Soon after, the Picts came from Alba with an immense army and attacked the northern parts of Vortigern's kingdom. In the ensuing battle "there was little occasion for the Britons to exert themselves, for the Saxons fought so bravely, that the enemy, formerly victorious, were speedily put to flight."[16]
     "In gratitude Vortigern increased the rewards he had promised to the brothers. Hengist was given "large possessions of lands in Lindsey for the subsistence of himself and his fellow-soldiers." A "man of experience and subtilty," Hengist told Vortigern that his enemies assailed him from every quarter, and that his subjects wished to depose him and make Aurelius Ambrosius king. He asked the king to allow him to send word to Saxony for more soldiers. Vortigern agreed, adding that Hengist could invite over whom he pleased and that "you shall have no refusal from me in whatever you shall desire."[17]
     "Hengist bowed low in thanks, and made a further request, that he be made a consul or prince, as befitted his birth. Vortigern responded that it was not in his power to do this, reasoning that Hengist was a foreign pagan and would not be accepted by the British lords. Hengist asked instead for leave to build a fortress on a piece of land small enough that it could be encircled by a leather thong. Vortigern granted this and ordered Hengist to invite more Saxons.[17]
     "After executing Vortigern's orders, Hengist took a bull's hide and made it into a single thong, which he used to encircle a carefully chosen rocky place (perhaps at Caistor in Lindsey).[18] Here he built the castle of Kaercorrei, or in Saxon Thancastre: "thong castle."[19]
     "The messengers returned from Germany with eighteen ships full of the best soldiers they could get, as well as Hengist's beautiful daughter Rowena. Hengist invited Vortigern to see his new castle and the newly arrived soldiers. A banquet was held in Thancastre, at which Vortigern drunkenly asked Hengist to let him marry Rowena. Horsa and the men all agreed that Hengist should allow the marriage, on the condition that Vortigern give him Kent.[20]
     "Vortigern and Rowena were immediately married and Hengist was given Kent. The king was delighted with his new wife, but he incurred the hatred of his nobles and of his three sons.[21]
     "As his new father-in-law, Hengist made further demands of Vortigern:
     "Vortigern agreed. Upon receiving the invitation, Octa, Ebissa, and another lord, Cherdich, immediately left for Britain with three hundred ships. Vortigern received them kindly, and gave them ample gifts. With their assistance, Vortigern defeated his enemies in every engagement. All the while Hengist continued inviting over yet more ships, adding to his numbers daily. Witnessing this, the Britons tried to get Vortigern to banish the Saxons, but on account of his wife he would not. Consequently, his subjects turned against him and took his son Vortimer for their king. The Saxons and the Britons, led by Vortimer, met in four battles. In the second, Horsa and Vortimer's brother, Catigern, slew one another. By the fourth battle, the Saxons had fled to Thanet, where Vortimer besieged them. When the Saxons could no longer bear the British onslaughts, they sent out Vortigern to ask his son to allow them safe passage back to Germany. While discussions were taking place, the Saxons boarded their ships and left, leaving their wives and children behind.[23]
     "The victorious Vortimer was poisoned by Rowena, and Vortigern returned to the throne.[24] At his wife's request he invited Hengist back to Britain, but instructed him to bring only a small retinue. Hengist, knowing Vortimer to be dead, instead raised an army of 300,000 men. When Vortigern caught word of the imminent arrival of the vast Saxon fleet, he resolved to fight them. Rowena alerted her father of this, who, after considering various strategies, resolved to make a show of peace and sent ambassadors to Vortigern.[25]
     "The ambassadors informed Vortigern that Hengist had only brought so many men because he did not know of Vortimer's death and feared further attacks from him. Now that there was no threat, Vortigern could choose from among the men the ones he wished to return to Germany. Vortigern was greatly pleased by these tidings, and arranged to meet Hengist on the first of May at the monastery of Ambrius.[26]
     "Before the meeting, Hengist ordered his soldiers to carry long daggers beneath their clothing. At the signal Nemet oure Saxas (get your knives), the Saxons fell upon the unsuspecting Britons and massacred them, while Hengist held Vortigern by his cloak. 460 British barons and consuls were killed, as well as some Saxons whom the Britons beat to death with clubs and stones. Vortigern was held captive and threatened with death until he resigned control of Britain's chief cities to Hengist. Once free, he fled to Cambria.[27]
Book 8
     "In Cambria, Merlin prophesied to Vortigern that the brothers Aurelius Ambrosius and Uther Pendragon, who had fled to Armorica as children after Vortigern killed their brother and father, would return to have their revenge and defeat the Saxons. They arrived the next day, and, after rallying the dispersed Britons, Aurelius was proclaimed king. Aurelius marched into Cambria and burned Vortigern alive in his tower, before setting his sights upon the Saxons.[28]
     "Hengist was struck by terror at the news of Vortigern's death and fled with his army beyond the Humber. He took courage at the approach of Aurelius and selected the bravest among his men to defend. Hengist told these chosen men not to be afraid of Aurelius, for he had brought less than 10,000 Armorican Britons (the native Britons were hardly worth taking into account), while there were 200,000 Saxons. Hengist and his men advanced towards Aurelius in a field called Maisbeli (probably Ballifield, near Sheffield),[29] intending to take the Britons by surprise, but Aurelius anticipated them.[28]
     "As they marched to meet the Saxons, Eldol, Duke of Gloucester, told Aurelius that he greatly wished to meet Hengist in combat, noting that "one of the two of us should die before we parted." He explained that he had been at the Treachery of the Long Knives, but had escaped when God threw him a stake to defend himself with, making him the only Briton present to survive. Meanwhile, Hengist was placing his troops into formation, giving directions, and walking through the lines of troops, "the more to spirit them up."[30]
     "With the armies in formation, battle began between the Britons and Saxons, both sides shedding "no small loss of blood." Eldol focused on attempting to find Hengist, but had no opportunity to fight him. "By the especial favour of God," the Britons took the upper hand, and the Saxons withdrew and made for Kaerconan (Conisbrough). Aurelius pursued them, killing or enslaving any Saxon he met on the way. Realizing Kaerconan would not hold against Aurelius, Hengist stopped outside the town and ordered his men to make a stand, "for he knew that his whole security now lay in his sword."[31]
     "Aurelius reached Hengist, and a "most furious" fight ensued, with the Saxons maintaining their ground despite heavy losses. They came close to winning before a detachment of horses from the Armorican Britons arrived. When Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall, arrived, Eldol knew the day was won and grabbed Hengist's helmet, dragging him into the British ranks. The Saxons fled. Hengist's son Octa retreated to York and his kinsman Eosa to Alclud (Dumbarton).[32]
     "Three days after the battle, Aurelius called together a council of principal officers to decide what would be done with Hengist. Eldol's brother Eldad, Bishop of Gloucester, said:
     "Consequently, Eldol drew Hengist out of the city and cut off his head. Aurelius, "who showed moderation in all his conduct," arranged for him to be buried and for a mound to be raised over his corpse, according to the custom of pagans.[33] Octa and Eosa surrendered to Aurelius, who granted them the country bordering Scotland and made a firm covenant with them.[34]
Prose Edda
     "Hengist is briefly mentioned in Prologue, the first book of the Prose Edda, written by the Icelander Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century. In Prologue, a euhemerized account of Germanic history is given, including that Woden put three of his sons in charge of Saxony. The ruler of eastern Saxony was Veggdegg, one of whose sons was Vitrgils, the father of Vitta, the father of Hengist.[35]
Horse-head gables
     "On farmhouses in Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein, horse-head gables were referred to as "Hengst und Hors" as late as around 1875. Rudolf Simek notes that these horse-head gables can still be seen today, and says that the horse-head gables confirm that Hengist and Horsa were originally considered mythological, horse-shaped beings.[36] Martin Litchfield West comments that the horse heads may have been remnants of pagan religious practices in the area.[37]
Theories
Finnsburg Fragment and Beowulf
     "A Hengest appears in line 34 of the Finnsburg Fragment, which describes the legendary Battle of Finnsburg. In Beowulf, a scop recites a composition summarizing the Finnsburg events, including information not provided in the fragment. Hengest is mentioned in lines 1082 and 1091.[38]
     "Some scholars have proposed that the figure mentioned in both of these references is one and the same as the Hengist of the Hengist and Horsa accounts, though Horsa is not mentioned in either source. In his work Finn and Hengest, J.R.R. Tolkien argued that Hengist was a historical figure, and that Hengist came to Britain after the events recorded in the Finnsburg Fragment and Beowulf. Patrick Sims-Williams is more skeptical of the account, suggesting that Bede's Canterbury source, which he relied on for his account of Hengist and Horsa in the Ecclesiastical History, had confused two separate traditions.[39]
Germanic twin brothers and divine Indo-European horse twins
     "Several sources attest that the Germanic peoples venerated a divine pair of twin brothers. The earliest reference to this practice derives from Timaeus (c. 345 – c. 250 BC). Timaeus records that the Celts of the North Sea were especially devoted to what he describes as Castor and Pollux. In his work Germania, Tacitus records the veneration of the Alcis, whom he identifies with Castor and Pollux. Germanic legends mention various brothers as founding figures. The 1st- or 2nd-century historian Cassius Dio cites the brothers Raos and Raptos as the leaders of the Astings. According to Paul the Deacon's 8th century History of the Lombards, the Lombards migrated southward from Scandinavia led by Ibur and Aio, while Saxo Grammaticus records in his 12th century Deeds of the Danes that this migration was prompted by Aggi and Ebbi. In related Indo-European cultures, similar traditions are attested, such as the Dioscuri. Scholars have theorized that these divine twins in Indo-European cultures stem from divine twins in prehistoric Proto-Indo-European culture.[40]
     "J. P. Mallory comments on the great importance of the horse in Indo-European religion, as exemplified "most obviously" by various mythical brothers appearing in Indo-European legend, including Hengist and Horsa:
Uffington White Horse
     "In his 17th-century work Monumenta Britannica, John Aubrey ascribes the Uffington White Horse hill figure to Hengist and Horsa, stating that "the White Horse was their Standard at the Conquest of Britain". However, elsewhere he ascribes the origins of the horse to the pre-Roman Britons, reasoning that the horse resembles certain Iron Age British coins. As a result, advocates of a Saxon origin of the figure debated with those favouring an ancient British origin for three centuries after Aubrey's findings. In 1995, using optically stimulated luminescence dating, David Miles and Simon Palmer of the Oxford Archaeological Unit assigned the Uffington White Horse to the late Bronze Age.[41]
Aschanes
     "The Brothers Grimm identified Hengist with Aschanes, mythical first King of the Saxons, in their notes for legend number 413 of their German Legends.[42] Editor and translator Donald Ward, in his commentary on the tale, regards the identification as untenable on linguistic grounds.
Modern influence
     "Hengist and Horsa have appeared in a variety of media in the modern period. Written between 1616 and 1620, Thomas Middleton's play Hengist, King of Kent features portrayals of both Hengist and Horsa (as Hersus).[43] On July 6, 1776, the first committee for the production of the Great Seal of the United States convened. One of three members of the committee, Thomas Jefferson, proposed that one side of the seal feature Hengist and Horsa, "the Saxon chiefs from whom we claim the honor of being descended, and whose political principles and form of government we assumed".[44]
     ""Hengist and Horsus" appear as antagonists in William Henry Ireland's play Vortigern and Rowena, which was touted as a newly discovered work by William Shakespeare in 1796, but was soon revealed as a hoax.[45] The pair have plaques in the Walhalla Temple at Regensburg, Bavaria, which honours distinguished figures of German history.[46]
     "During World War II, two British military gliders took their names from the brothers: the Slingsby Hengist[47] and the Airspeed Horsa.[48] The 20th-century American poet Robinson Jeffers composed a poem titled Ode to Hengist and Horsa.[49]
     "In 1949, Prince Georg of Denmark came to Pegwell Bay in Kent to dedicate the longship Hugin, commemorating the landing of Hengest and Horsa at nearby Ebbsfleet 1500 years earlier in 449 AD.[50]
     "Though Hengist and Horsa are not referenced in the medieval tales of King Arthur, some modern Arthurian tales do link them. For example, in Mary Stewart's Merlin Trilogy it is King Arthur who kills Hengist. In Alfred Duggan's Conscience of the King, Hengist plays a major role in the early career of Cerdic Elesing, legendary founder of the kingdom of Wessex.
See also
** Alcis (gods), Germanic horse brother deities venerated by the Naharvali, a Germanic people described by Tacitus in 1 AD: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcis_(gods)
** Saxon Steed, a heraldic motif: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Steed
Notes
1. Mallory (2005:135).
2. Tolkien (2006:173).
3. Shirley-Price (1990:63).
4. Ingram (1823:13-14).
5. Ingram (1823:15-16).
6. Gunn (1819:18).
7. Gunn (1819:22).
8. Gunn (1819:22–23).
9. Gunn (1819:23–24).
10. Gunn (1819:29).11.
11. Gunn (1819:30–31).
12. Gunn (1819:31–32).
13. Gunn (1819:33).
14. Gunn (1819:34).
15. Thompson (1842:116–117).
16. Thompson (117–118).
17. Thompson (1842:118–119).
18. Ashley, Michael (2005). A Brief History of King Arthur. Constable & Robinson. ISBN 1472107659.
19. Thompson (1842:119).21.
20. Thompson (1842:120–121).
21. Thompson (1842:121).
22. Thompson (1842:121–122).
23. Thompson (1842:122–123).
24. Thompson (1842:123).
25. Thompson (1842:124–125).
26. Thompson (1842:125).
27. Thompson (1842:125–126).
28. Thompson (1842:149).
29. English, Mark (2014). "Maisbeli: A Place-Name Problem from Geoffrey of Monmouth". Notes & Queries. 259: 11–13. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
30. Thompson (1842:150–151).
31. Thompson (1842:151–152).
32. Thompson (1842:153).
33. Thompson (1842:154).
34. Thompson (1842:154–155).
35. Faulkes (1995:4).
36. Simek (2007:139).
37. West (2007:190).
38. Chickering Jr. (2006:111 and 1113).
39. Wallace-Hadrill (1993:215).
40. Simek (2007:59–60) and Mallory (2005:135).
41. Schwyzer (1999:45 and 56).
42. The German Legends of the Brothers Grimm volume 2, edited and translated by Donald Ward, Millington Books, 1981
43. Taylor. Lavagnino (2007:1148).
44. Merill (1970:98).
45. "Vortigern". The Camelot Project. University of Rochester. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
46. Everill (1845:12).
47. Nigl (2007:19).
48. Frédriksen (2001:14).
49. Hunt (1991:423).
50. "Beginning of English History" Commemoration Stone - Pegwell Bay, Kent, UK - UK Historical Markers on Waymarking.com". Retrieved 2013-10-26.
References
** Chickering, Howell D., Jr. (2006). Beowulf: A Dual-Language Edition. Anchor Books. ISBN 1-4000-9622-7.
** Everill, George (1845). A Translation of Walhalla's Inmates described by Lewis the First, King of Bavaria. Munich: George Franz.
** Faulkes, Anthony (1995). Edda. Everyman. ISBN 0-460-87616-3.
** Frédriksen, John C. (2001). International Warbirds: an Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914–2000. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-364-5.
** Guest, Edwin (1853). "On the Etymology of the word Stone-henge". Proceedings of the Philological Society. 6 (130).
** Gunn, William (1819). Historia Brittonum. London: Printed for John and Arthur Arch, Cornhill.
** Hunt, Tim, ed. (1991). The Collected Poetry of Robinson Jeffers: 1938–1962. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1847-4.
** Ingram, James Henry (1823). The Saxon chronicle, with an English Translation and Notes, Critical and Explanatory. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, Paternoster-Row.
** Lyon, Bryce. "From Hengist and Horsa to Edward of Caernarvon: Recent writing on English history" in Elizabeth Chapin Furber, ed. Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939 (Harvard University Press, 1966), pp 1–57; historiography
** Lyon, Bryce. " Change or Continuity: Writing since 1965 on English History before Edward of Caernarvon," in Richard Schlatter, ed., Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing since 1966 (Rutgers UP, 1984), pp 1–34, historiography
** Mallory, J. P. (2005). In Search of the Indo-Europeans. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27616-1.
** Nigl, Alfred J. (2007). Silent Wings, Silent Death. Graphic Publishing. ISBN 1-882824-31-8.
** Peterson, Merill D. (1970). Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography. Sourcebooks. ISBN 0-19-501909-1.
** Schwyzer, Philip (1999). "The Scouring of the White Horse: Archaeology, Identity, and 'Heritage'". Representations. Special Issue: New Perspectives in British Studies (Winter, 1999). University of California Press. pp. 42–62.
** Sherley-Price, Leo (1990). Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044565-X.
** Simek, Rudolf (2007). Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Translated by Angela Hall. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-513-1.
** Taylor, Gary; Lavagnino, John, eds. (2007). Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-922588-5.
** Thompson, Aaron (1842). The British History of Geoffrey of Monmouth: In Twelve Books. London: James Bohn.
** Thorpe, Benjamin (1855). The Anglo-Saxon Poems of Beowulf, the Scôp or Gleeman's Tale, and The Fight at Finnesburg. Oxford University Press.
** Tolkien, J. R. R. (2006). Bliss, Alan (ed.) Finn and Hengest. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-261-10355-5.
** Wallace-Hadrill, John Michael (1993). Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People: A Historical Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822174-6.
** West, Martin Litchfield (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-928075-4."²

; Per Med Lands:
     "Bede names the three Germanic tribes which invaded Britain as "Saxonibus, Anglis, Iutis", adding that the Jutes were ancestors of "Cantuarii et Uictarii" (people of Kent and the Isle of Wight)[232]. Bede records that the kings of Kent were usually called "Oiscingas" after "Oeric cognomento Oisc", alleged great-grandfather of Æthelberht King of Kent[233]. The Kentish kings claimed descent from Woden in common with the founder kings of the other main Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. The mythical descent of Wihtgils, father of Hengist and Horsa, is set out in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle[234]: "Woden/Wecta/Witta/Wihtgils". As mentioned in the Introduction to the present document, early sources give no information about the earliest kings of Kent and their ancestors. It is therefore possible that the first few generations of the genealogy were fabricated by later compilers in order to give a more complete and unified picture of the history of the Kentish kingdom.
     "Kent is alleged to have been the first kingdom founded in Britain by the invaders and also the first to embrace Christianity. King Æthelberht married a Christian princess of the Merovingian Frankish dynasty and welcomed St Augustine in 597, which led to the establishment of the bishopric, later archbishopric, of Canterbury. Frankish influence in Kent is reflected by the number of marriages with the Merovingian royal family, and in the Frankish sounding name of King Hlothhere which resembles the Merovingian "Clotaire" and the Carolingian "Lothar". The earlier history of the kingdom of Kent is mainly derived from Bede's Ecclesiastical History. The genealogy of the kings until Æthelberht II (who died in 762) is included in the Anglian collection. There is also a 12th century copy of a regnal list, and 41 charters which have survived from the religious houses of Canterbury, Rochester, Minster-in-Thanet, Lyminge and Reculver. These sources are supplemented by other minor primary sources, such as the texts relating the Legend of St Mildrith[235]. Æthelberht I is the first king of Kent about whom there is contemporary documentary evidence other than the Kentish royal genealogy, supplemented by references in the Frankish chronicle of Gregory of Tours. After the death of King Æthelberht II, there is considerable uncertainty about the kings of Kent, with little evidence for their existence except for names in charters.
     "[WIHTGILS.] [Two children]:
     "1. [HENGIST (-[488]). Bede names "duo fratres Hengist et Horsa…filii Uictigilsi, cuius pater Uecta, cuius pater Uoden" as the first Jutish commanders, adding that the Jutes were ancestors of "Cantuarii et Uictarii" (people of Kent and the Isle of Wight)[236]. In a later passage, Bede states that Hengist and his son "Oeric cognomento Oisc" were first invited into Britain "a Uurtigerno" [Vortigern][237]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle dates the arrival of Hengist and Horsa to the reign of Emperors Mauricius and Valentianus ([449/57]), adding that they arreived at "Ypwinesfleot" [Ebbsfleet] "at first to help the Britons, but later they fought against them"[238]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 455 Hengist and Horsa fought against King Vortigern at "Agælesfrep" [Aylesford] where Horsa was killed, adding that "after that Hengest succeeded to the kingdom and Æsc his son"[239]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 457 "Hengist and Æesc" fought against the Britons at "Crecganford" [Crayford] where they "slew four thousand men" after which "the Britons…forsook Kent and fled to London"[240]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 465 "Hengist and Æsc" fought against the Welsh near "Wippedesfleot" where they "slew twelve Welsh nobles"[241]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 473 "Hengist and Æesc" fought against the Welsh again[242]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 488 "Æsc succeeded to the kingdom and was king of the people of Kent twenty-four years" but does not say that this was when Hengist died[243]. William of Malmesbury reports that Hengist died "in the thirty-ninth year after his arrival"[244]."
Med Lands cites: GAV-46. He was King of Kent (See attached map of the British Isles ca 802 from Wikipedia: By William Robert Shepherd - Source:This image is a copy or a derivative work of british_isles_802.jpg, from the map collection of the Perry–Castañeda Library (PCL) of the University of Texas at Austin.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.Original: Shepherd, William R. (1926) Historical Atlas, Category:New York: Henry Holt and Company, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=444734) between 455 and 488.^2,3

     Ricula (?) married Sledda (?) King of the East Saxons.²

      ; Per Med Lands:
     "RICULA. Her parentage and marriage are indicated by Bede who records that her son "Saberet nepos Aedilbercti ex sorore Ricula" was king of "provinciæ Orientalium Saxonum", but subject to King Æthelberht, when Augustine appointed Mellitus as bishop in 604[261]. Her marriage indicates the close relationship between Kent and the kingdom of the East Saxons, Yorke suggesting that Kent played a key role in bringing her husband's family to power[262]. Her husband is named by William of Malmesbury as first king of the East Saxons from [587][263], but this is not verified by earlier primary sources.
     "m SLEDDA King of the East Saxons, son of ERCENWINI [Æscwine] (-597)."
Med Lands cites:

     Sledda (?) King of the East Saxons married Ricula (?), daughter of Eormenric (?) King of Kent.¹

Sledda (?) King of the East Saxons died in 567.¹
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "SLEDDA, son of ERCHENWIN [Æscwine] (-[597]). Henry of Huntingdon records that "Slede filius eius" succeeded "Erchenwin" as king of "Orientalium Saxonum"[163]. Roger of Wendover records that "Sledda filius eius" succeeded "Erkenwino rege orientalium Saxonum" in 587[164]. According to William of Malmesbury, Sledda was the first king of the East Saxons from [587][165]. He is not referred to either by Bede or in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
     "m RICULA of Kent, daughter of EORMENRIC King of Kent & his wife ---. Her parentage and marriage are indicated by Bede who records that her son "Saberet nepos Aedilbercti ex sorore Ricula" was king of "provinciæ Orientalium Saxonum", but subject to King Æthelberht, when Augustine appointed Mellitus as bishop in 604[166]. Henry of Huntingdon records that "Slede" married "filiam Ermenrici regis Cantuariorum, sororem…Ethelberti"[167]. Her marriage indicates the close relationship between the kingdom of Kent and the kingdom of the East Saxons, Yorke suggesting that Kent played a key role in bringing her husband's family to power[168]."
Med Lands cites: He was King of the East Saxons between 587 and 597.¹

     Pedro Afonso (?) was born circa 1210.¹
      ; illegitimate.¹

     Agatha (2?) (?) of Poland married Saint Emeric/Emmerich/Imre (?), son of Saint Stephen I (Vajk) (?) King of Hungary and Gisela von Bayern, circa 1022
; Guido & Ravilious [2012:84-87] Have a long discussion concerning the theory that Imre had a Polish wife and the possibility that this wife might have been Agatha, dau. of Mieszko II.^1,3
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "[daughter . The Annales Sanctæ Crucis Polonici record that "Stephanus rex…filium…Emrich" married "Meszkone rege Polonie…filiam"[165]. However, this report in the Annales may have been due to confusion with the marriage of another of King Miesko's daughters, reported in the Gesta Hungarorum as having married the future Béla I King of Hungary while he was in exile in Poland[166]. It does not appear likely that King István's political relations with Poland would have been sufficiently close for him to have arranged a Polish marriage for his heir. The king's main political alliance was with Germany, whose relations with Poland were tense during the reigns of Emperor Heinrich II and Emperor Konrad II.
     "m IMRE of Hungary, son of ISTVÁN I King of Hungary & his wife Gisela of Bavaria ([1007]-killed Bihar 2 Nov 1031).]"
Med Lands cites:

; NB: There are various theories about the parents of the Agatha who m. Edward Aetheling and other about who the Polish wife of Imre of Hungary were.
     Guido & Ravilious [2012:84-87] have a long discussion concerning the theory that Imre had a Polish wife and the possibility that this wife might have been an Agatha, dau. of Mieszko II. They propose that the same dau. of Mieszko that m. Edward Aetheling also m. Imre.
     Med Lands (Ref #1) shows and unnamed dau. of Mieszko marrying Imre. As for Edward, Med Lands (Ref #2) only shows that he m. a wife named Agatha, and then presents a synopsis of the various theories concerning her parentage.(but not the Polish one reviewed by Guido and Ravilious, op. cit.) Med Lands (Ref #3) discusses the possibility that Imre might have m. a dau. of Mieszko II, without naming her and in reviewing several competing theories for her origin.
Conclusion: For the present, I have created a second Agatha "(2?)" as wife of Imre and sister to Agatha 1, wife of Exward GA Vaut.^1,4,5,3,6,7

     Peter I de Brus married Agnes (?) d'Aumale, daughter of Etienne/Stephen de Troyes Comte d'Aumale, Lord of Holderness and Hawise de Mortimer, after 1151
;
Her 2nd husband. Her 1st husband d. 1151.¹
Peter I de Brus died after 1165.¹
     ; Per Racines et Histoire: "Agnes d’Aumale
     ép. 1) Adam de Brus + 1143 Lord of Skelton (1141) (fils de Robert de Brus, Lord of Skelton and Annandale, et d’Agnes de Payanell)
     ép. 2) après 1143 William de Roumare + 1151 (fils de William, seigneur de Roumare, et d’Hawise de Reviers)
     [ d’autres sources donnent : Agnes ép. 1) William de Roumare + 1150 ép. 2) Peter Bruce, Lord of Skelton ]."²

; Per Med Lands:
     "[Three possible] brothers, parents not known:
1. ROBERT [I] de Brus (-11 May 1141, bur Gysburne/Gisborough Priory).
2. [WILLIAM de Brus (-1 Aug ----).
3. [PETER [I] de Brus (-after [1155/65]). “Robertus de Brus” confirmed donations to the canons of Bridlington by charter dated to [1120/35], witnessed by “…Ernaldus de Perceio…Petrus de Brus…”[924]. “Robertus de Brus” donated property to St Mary’s, York by charter dated to [1125/35], witnessed by “Ada filio meo, Petro de Brus…”[925]. Neither of these charters specifies the family relationship between the donor and Peter de Brus. Domesday Descendants suggests that Peter was the son of Robert [I] de Brus[926]. However, the chronology indicates that it is more likely that the two were brothers. “A. de Brus” donated property to the canons of Gysburne/Gisborough, for the souls of “R. de Brus avi mei et A. patris mei”, by charter dated to [1155/65], witnessed by “Petro de Brus…”[927].
     "[m firstly ---. No evidence has been found of this supposed first marriage. However, considering the likely age of Peter [I] de Brus, it is unlikely that his marriage to Agnes d’Aumâle was his first.
     "m [secondly] (after 1151) as her second husband, AGNES d'Aumâle, widow of WILLIAM de Roumare, daughter of ETIENNE de Blois Comte d'Aumâle & his wife Hawise de Mortimer. A manuscript history of the foundation of Melsa Abbey records that “Willielmus” had “sorores quatuor, filias Stephani” who married “una…vicedomino de Pynkeney, altera…vicedomino de Verberay, tertia…Bertanno de Brikebet, quarta Willielmo de Romare et postea Petro de Brus”[928]. Secondary sources often indicate that Agnes’s husband was in fact Adam [I] de Brus. This conclusion is based not only on the assumption that the manuscript history mistook "Petro" for "Adam", but also that it reversed the order of Agnes’s marriages: the birth date of Isabel, daughter of Adam [II] de Brus (son of Adam [I]), estimated to [1168/70] on the basis of her first marriage in [1180], suggests the likelihood that Adam [II] was born before 1143 (approximate date of Agnes’s marriage to William de Roumare) rather than after 1151 (date of death of William de Roumare). As a general principle, it appears preferable to find ways of confirming that a primary source is factually correct rather than justifying why it is in error. No other primary source has yet been identified which names Agnes as the wife of Adam, or as the mother of his children. In addition, as noted above, Peter [I] de Brus was named in a charter dated to [1155/65]. It is therefore possible that the manuscript history is factually correct and that Agnes d’Aumâle married Peter as her second husband, presumably as his second wife considering his likely age by that time. While waiting for other primary source information to emerge, this appears to be a safer interim conclusion compared with assuming that the manuscript history made two factual errors, relating to the name of Agnes’s Brus husband and to the order of her marriages.]"
Med Lands cites:

     Adela (?) married Wolfram (?) Graf von Enzberg.²
Adela (?) was born in 1045.¹
Adela (?) died on 24 September 1104.¹
Adela (?) was buried after 24 September 1104 at Sunnesheim .¹
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "[ADELA ([1045] or before-24 Sep, 1104 or before, bur Sunnesheim). The Annales Spirenses name "Azela sorore Heinrici senioris [=Heinrici IV]" as wife of "Wolframi comitis Arduenne"[412]. Her birth date range is estimated on the assumption that the age of her son Johann is correct when he died. Assuming that her paternity is correctly stated, her absence from other contemporary records and her comparatively obscure marriage suggest that she was illegitimate. Emperor Heinrich IV, who would have been Azela's half-brother if the relationship is correctly stated here, made numerous donations to Speyer cathedral between 1091 and 1105, during the bishopric of Azela's son Johann. However, in none of these is any blood relationship with the bishop directly mentioned by using words such as "consanguineus" or "propinquus". Nevertheless, in the emperor's donation dated 21 Sep 1091 he calls Bishop Johann "fidele servicium carissimi", a phrase which appears more intimate than those usually seen in imperial donations to bishoprics and which could be consistent with family relationship[413]. The Annales Spirenses record the burial of "matrem [=episcope Iohannis Spirensis] Azelam" at Sunnesheim, implying that she died before her son[414]. The necrology of Speyer records the death "VIII Kal Oct" of "Azela comitissa" and that "Iohannes Spir. epus" donated "Steinwilre" for her soul[415].
     "m WOLFRAM Graf von Enzberg, son of --- (-after Oct 1104, bur Sunnesheim).]"
Med Lands cites:

     Wolfram (?) Graf von Enzberg married Adela (?), daughter of Heinrich III "The Black" (?) King of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor.¹

Wolfram (?) Graf von Enzberg was buried after October 1104 at Sunnesheim .¹
Wolfram (?) Graf von Enzberg died after October 1104.¹
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "[WOLFRAM (-after Oct 1104, bur Sunnesheim). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. However, it is probable that he was the son of Graf Zeizolf [II]. Not only did Wolfram name his own son Zeizolf ([III]), but also Wolfram's son Johann is shown in his charter dated 6 Jan 1100 to have owned property in "in pago Elisincigowe" like his presumed paternal grandfather. The Annales Spirenses name "Wolframi comitis Arduenne" specifying that he had "multos comitatus…in Creychouwe et Enzeburch" and that "de genere illorum venit Kestenburc et Meystersel et Diethensheim ecclesie Spirensi"[977]. The Annales Spirenses record the burial of "pater suus [=episcopi Iohannis Spirensis] Wolframus comes" at Sunnesheim, specifying that he died after his son[978].]
     "m ADELA, [illegitimate] daughter of Emperor HEINRICH III King of Germany & his [mistress ---] ([1045] or before-24 Sep, 1104 or before, bur Sunnesheim). The Annales Spirenses name "Azela sorore Heinrici senioris [=Heinrici IV]" as wife of "Wolframi comitis Arduenne"[979]. Her birth date range is estimtated on the assumption that the age of her son John is correct when he died as shown below. Assuming that her paternity is correctly stated, her absence from other records and her comparatively obscure marriage suggest that she was illegitimate. Emperor Heinrich IV, who would have been Adela's half-brother if the relationship is correctly stated above, made numerous donations to Speyer cathedral between 1091 and 1105, during the bishopric of Adela's son Johann. However, in none of these is any blood relationship with the bishop directly mentioned by using words such as "consanguineus" or "propinquus". Nevertheless, in the emperor's donation dated 21 Sep 1091 he calls Bishop Johann "fidele servicium carissimi", a phrase which appears more intimate than those usually seen in imperial donations to episcopacies and which could be consistent with family relationship[980]. The necrology of Speyer records the death "VIII Kal Oct" of "Azela comitissa" and that "Iohannes Spir. epus" donated "Steinwilre" for her soul[981]. The Annales Spirenses record the burial of "matrem [=episcope Iohannis Spirensis] Azelam" at Sunnesheim, implying that she died before her son[982]."
Med Lands cites:

     Baudouin d'Ardres Seigneur d'Ardres married Beatrice de Bourbourg, daughter of Henri de Bourbourg Constable of Bourbourg and Sybille (?) de Guines, before May 1146
;
Her 2nd husband; his 3rd wife.^1,4
Baudouin d'Ardres Seigneur d'Ardres died in 1147; died at sea.²
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "BAUDOUIN d’Ardres (-at sea 1147). The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium records that “Balduinus frater eius”, referring to “Arnoldus...iuvenis”, recording in a later paragraph that he succeeded his brother Arnaud [II] as Seigneur d’Ardres[1387]. Seigneur d’Ardres. The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium quotes a charter under which “B....heres et dominus Ardee” donated property to Ardres, dated 1144, witnessed by “...Arnulphus Marciniensis vicecomes sororius noster...”[1388]. The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium records that Baudouin left on crusade with Louis VII King of France in May 1146 and died on the journey from Constantinople “apud Sathaniam”, his body being thrown into the sea, dated to early 1147 from the context[1389].
     "m firstly ADELA, daughter of RAOUL & his wife ---. The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium records that “Balduinus frater eius [Arnoldi...iuvenis]” married “patrui sui Radulfi...canonici filia...Adela”[1390].
     "m secondly NATALIE, daughter of ROBERT & his wife Adelais ---. The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium records that “Balduinus frater eius [Arnoldi...iuvenis]” married secondly “Roberti canonici et nobilis uxoris sue Adelidis filia...Natalia”[1391].
m thirdly (1146, before May) as her second husband, BEATRIX de Bourbourg, divorced wife of AUBREY [III] de Vere, daughter of HENRI Châtelain of Bourbourg & his first wife Sibylle [Rose] de Guines (after 1120-[1146], bur Abbey of La Capelle). The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium names "Beatricem" as the only daughter of "castellano Broburgensi Henrico" & his wife Sibylle/Rose, and her marriage in England to "Alberto Apro"[1392]. The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium records the separation of "Albertus Aper et Beatrix", her second marriage to "domino Balduino" and her death soon after[1393]. The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium records that "pater meus [Balduinus]" married "Broburgensis castellani nobilis Henrici et Rose Ghisnensis comitis Manassis filie, filia Beatrice...Ghisnensis comitatus herede"[1394]."
Med Lands cites:

Reference: Genealogics cites: The Flemish Nobility before 1300, 4 volumes, Warlop, Dr. E. Volume III page 700.¹

     Arnaud I d'Ardres Seigneur d'Ardres, Vicomte de Marchiennes married Gertrude van Gent, daughter of Boudewijn van Gent and Oda (?).¹

Arnaud I d'Ardres Seigneur d'Ardres, Vicomte de Marchiennes died after 1136.¹
Arnaud I d'Ardres Seigneur d'Ardres, Vicomte de Marchiennes was buried after 1136 at Ardres Saint-Audomer .¹
     EDV-28.

; Per Med Lands:
     "ARNAUD [I] d’Ardres (-after 1136, bur Ardres Saint-Audomer). The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium names “Arnoldum” as the oldest son of "apud Markinium...vicecomes, Ghisnensis...comitis...Elembertus" and his second wife “Adelidem, senis Eustacii de Liskis”, adding that he succeeded as “in vicecomitatum” and was made “Markiniensem...comitem et Ardee dominum”[1369]. Vicomte [de Marchiennes]. The Chronicon Andrensis Monasterii by Abbot Guillaume records a donation of land made by “Eustachius filius Heremari de Bavelingahem”, witnessed by “...Eustachius vicecomes et Arnulfus frater eius...”, dated 1136[1370]. [Comte] de Marchiennes. Seigneur d’Ardres. The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium records that “Arnoldus...senex” was buried “Ardee in templo cimitieriali iuxta sepulcrum uxoris sue Gertrudis”[1371].
     "m GERTRUDE van Gent, daughter of BOUDEWIJN van Gent & his wife Oda --- (-Jerusalem 1138, bur Ardres Saint-Audomer). The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium records that “Gertrudis”, after the death of "filii Manassis", journeyed to Jerusalem where she died and that she was buried “in cimiteriali ecclesia sancti Audomari Ardensis”[1372]. This passage does not otherwise identify Gertrude, but the following paragraph records that “Arnoldus...senex” was buried “Ardee in templo cimitieriali iuxta sepulcrum uxoris sue Gertrudis”[1373]. An earlier passage clarifies her family origin: The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium names "Gertrudem" as sister of "Balduinus cognomento Grossus sive Magnus", adding that she married "Ardensium domino Arnoldo Seni sive Vetulo"[1374]."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Med Lands:
     "GERTRUDE (-Jerusalem 1138, bur Ardres Saint-Audomer). The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium names "Gertrudem" as sister of "Balduinus cognomento Grossus sive Magnus", adding that she married "Ardensium domino Arnoldo Seni sive Vetulo"[747]. The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium records that “Gertrudis”, after the death of "filii Manassis", journeyed to Jerusalem where she died and that she was buried “in cimiteriali ecclesia sancti Audomari Ardensis”[748]. This passage does not otherwise identify Gertrude, but the following paragraph records that “Arnoldus...senex” was buried “Ardee in templo cimitieriali iuxta sepulcrum uxoris sue Gertrudis”[749].
     "m ARNAUD [I] Seigneur d'Ardres, son of ELBERT [III] Vicomte [de Marchiennes] & his second wife Adelais de Licques (-after 1136, bur Ardres Saint-Audomer)."
Med Lands cites:

     Gertrude van Gent married Arnaud I d'Ardres Seigneur d'Ardres, Vicomte de Marchiennes.²

Gertrude van Gent was buried in 1138 at Ardres Saint-Audomer .¹
Gertrude van Gent died in 1138 at Jerusalem, Israel (now).¹
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "GERTRUDE (-Jerusalem 1138, bur Ardres Saint-Audomer). The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium names "Gertrudem" as sister of "Balduinus cognomento Grossus sive Magnus", adding that she married "Ardensium domino Arnoldo Seni sive Vetulo"[747]. The Historia Comitum Ghisnensium records that “Gertrudis”, after the death of "filii Manassis", journeyed to Jerusalem where she died and that she was buried “in cimiteriali ecclesia sancti Audomari Ardensis”[748]. This passage does not otherwise identify Gertrude, but the following paragraph records that “Arnoldus...senex” was buried “Ardee in templo cimitieriali iuxta sepulcrum uxoris sue Gertrudis”[749].
     "m ARNAUD [I] Seigneur d'Ardres, son of ELBERT [III] Vicomte [de Marchiennes] & his second wife Adelais de Licques (-after 1136, bur Ardres Saint-Audomer)."
Med Lands cites:

     Boudewijn van Gent married Oda (?)¹

Boudewijn van Gent died circa 4 April 1082.¹
     Boudewijn van Gent was also known as Baudouin (?) van Aalst.⁴

; Per Med Lands:
     "BOUDEWIJN van Gent (-23/24 Apr 1082). "…Rodulfus, Balduinus filii eius, Arnoldus de Aldenarda, Reingodus, Folcardus castellanus et Lambertus filius eius…" signed the charter dated 1050 under which several individuals submitted themselves to the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Gand[738]. "…Rodulfus Gandensis et filius eius Balduuinus…" signed the charter dated 1052 under which "Reineuuif…cum filio meo Arnulfo" donated property to the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Gand[739]. "…Balduini filii ipsius Gisle, item filiorum eius Rodulphi, Gisleberti…" signed the charter dated 1056 by which Baudouin V Count of Flanders approved the donation by "matrona Gisla" of "Ronneka" to the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Gand[740]. "Gisla" granted a serf to the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Gand by charter dated Apr 1058, signed by "Balduuini filii ipsius Gislæ, item filiorum eius Rodulfi, Gisleberti…"[741]. Heer zu Waas, Dronghen en Ruiselede.
     "m ODA, daughter of --- (-after 1096). "Giselbertus…filius Balduini de Alost, filii Adolphi" founded the abbey of Voorst near Brussels, where "mater sua…Oda cum filia Lutgarde" entered as nuns, by charter dated 1096[742]. Nun at Voorst."
Med Lands cites:

     Oda (?) married Boudewijn van Gent, son of Rudolph I (aka Ralph of GhentGand) (?) Lord of Aalst (Alost), Flanders and Gisèle/Gisela (?) von Luxembourg.¹

Oda (?) died after 1096.¹
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "BOUDEWIJN van Gent (-23/24 Apr 1082). "…Rodulfus, Balduinus filii eius, Arnoldus de Aldenarda, Reingodus, Folcardus castellanus et Lambertus filius eius…" signed the charter dated 1050 under which several individuals submitted themselves to the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Gand[738]. "…Rodulfus Gandensis et filius eius Balduuinus…" signed the charter dated 1052 under which "Reineuuif…cum filio meo Arnulfo" donated property to the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Gand[739]. "…Balduini filii ipsius Gisle, item filiorum eius Rodulphi, Gisleberti…" signed the charter dated 1056 by which Baudouin V Count of Flanders approved the donation by "matrona Gisla" of "Ronneka" to the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Gand[740]. "Gisla" granted a serf to the abbey of Saint-Pierre de Gand by charter dated Apr 1058, signed by "Balduuini filii ipsius Gislæ, item filiorum eius Rodulfi, Gisleberti…"[741]. Heer zu Waas, Dronghen en Ruiselede.
     "m ODA, daughter of --- (-after 1096). "Giselbertus…filius Balduini de Alost, filii Adolphi" founded the abbey of Voorst near Brussels, where "mater sua…Oda cum filia Lutgarde" entered as nuns, by charter dated 1096[742]. Nun at Voorst."
Med Lands cites:

; Per Med Lands:
     "m ODA, daughter of --- (-after 1096). "Giselbertus…filius Balduini de Alost, filii Adolphi" founded the abbey of Voorst near Brussels, where "mater sua…Oda cum filia Lutgarde" entered as nuns, by charter dated 1096[742]. Nun at Voorst."
Med Lands cites: [742] Miraeus (1723), Tome I, LXVIII, p. 78.¹

     Sinjar (?) Shah was born between 1084 and 1085.¹ He married Rusudan (?) Pss (Tsarine) of Georgia, daughter of Demetre I (?) King of Georgia, between 1151 and 1154
;
Her 2nd husband; his 2nd wife.¹
Sinjar (?) Shah died on 8 May 1157.¹
      ; Per Med Lands: A grandson of Alp Arlan.
     "SINJAR ([1084/85]-8 May 1157). Hamd Allah Mustaufi records the birth "le 25 de redjeb" in A.H. 479 (9 Nov 1086) "dans Sindjar" of "Sindjar" son of Sultan Malik Shah and his wife Turkan Khatun[602]. However, a later passage in the same source records the death in A.H. 515 (1121/22) of "la mère du Sultan Sinjar"[603], which confirms that Turkun Khatun (whose death is recorded in 1094) could not have been the mother of Sultan Sinjar. The birth in 1086 must refer to Sinjar's half-brother Mahmud, or to another son of Turkun Khatun who died young. Hamd Allah Mustaufi records that Sinjar succeeded as Seljuk Sultan after the death of his brother Mohammed in 1118, the caliph Mostarkhid granting him the title "sultan Moizz-eddin Sindjar Borhan émir al-mouminin", and that he defeated "son neveu Mahmoud, fils de Mohammed" who fled "à Saveh"[604]. Vardan's History records the death in [20 Feb 1119/19 Feb 1120] of "Tapar the sultan of Persia", recording also that "he had his senior wife Gohar Khatun killed…so that…she not take as a husband my brother who holds the inner lands of Persia", although the passage does not name Tapar's brother[605]. The Kamel-Altevarykh Chronicle records that war broke out between "le sultan Sindjar et son neveu Mahmoud" in "le mois de djoumada premier" in A.H. 513 (Aug 1119)[606]. Hamd Allah Mustaufi records that Sultan Sinjar defeated "le sultan Behram-Chah le Ghaznévide" in A.H. 530 (1135/36), settled a dispute with "le Kharezm-Chah Atsiz" by a peace treaty under which the sultan confirmed him in his principality, and in A.H. 535 (1140/41) was defeated by "le khan du (Cara) Khitai"[607]. Hamd Allah Mustaufi records the death "le 26 rebi premier" in A.H. 552 (8 May 1157) of Sultan Sinjar aged 72[608].
     "m TURKAN Khatun, daughter of --- (-1156). Hamd Allah Mustaufi records that "Turcan-Khatoun, femme du sultan Sindjar…" was among those taken prisoner, but later released, in A.H. 535 (1140/41) when Sultan Sinjar was defeated by "le khan du (Cara) Khitai"[609]. Hamd Allah Mustaufi records the death in early A.H. 551 (1156) of "Turcan-Khatoun"[610].
     "m ([1151/54]) as her second husband, RUSUDAN of Georgia, widow of IZIASLAV II Mstislavich Grand Prince of Kiev, daughter of DEMETRE I King of Georgia & his wife --- (-after 1157). The primary source which confirms her parentage and two marriages has not yet been identified."
     "Med Lands cites:

     Boris Vseslavich (?) died in 1128.¹
      ; Per Med Lands: "BORIS Vseslavich (-1128). Prince of Polotsk 1101/[1127]. m ---. The name of Boris´s wife is not known."¹

     Rogvolod (Vasilly) Borisovich (?) Princce of Polotsk married NN Iziaslavna (?), daughter of Izyaslav II Mstislavitch (?) Grand Duke of Kiev and NN (?) Cts of Abazan, between 1143 and 1144.^1,2

Rogvolod (Vasilly) Borisovich (?) Princce of Polotsk died in 1162.¹
      ; Per Med Lands: "ROGVOLOD [Vasily] Borisovich (-[1162]). Prince of Polotsk. m ([1143/44]) --- Iziaslavna, daughter of IZIASLAV II Mstislavich Grand Prince of Kiev & his second wife --- of Lithuania."¹

     NN (?) of Bohemia married Jaroslaw II Isjaslawitch (?) Grand Duke of Kiev, Prince of Novgorod, son of Izyaslav II Mstislavitch (?) Grand Duke of Kiev and NN von Hohenstaufen.^2,1

      ; Per Med Lands:
     "[daughter . Baumgarten cites a Russian source in which Prince Iziaslav is recorded as addressing the king of Bohemia as the father-in-law of one of his (unnamed) children[244]. Baumgarten suggests that some corroboration is provided by a visit by Vladislav II King of Bohemia to Kiev and the presence of Iaroslav at the Bohemian court in 1165 which suggests that he may have been the child in question[245].
     "m IAROSLAV Iziaslavich Prince of Vladimir in Volynia, son of IZIASLAV II Mstislavich Grand Prince of Kiev & his second wife --- of Lithuania (-1175). He succeeded in 1172 as IAROSLAV Grand Prince of Kiev.]"
Med Lands cites:

     Alphonse (?) Comte married Ermengarde de Narbonne Vicomtesse de Narbone, daughter of Aimera/Aimerico II (?) Vicomte de Narbonne and Ermengarde (?), in 1142
;
Her 1st husband.¹
      ; Per Med Lands:
     "Her possible first marriage is confirmed by the following document: the marriage contract between “Hermengarde Vicomtesse de Narbonne” and “Alfonse Comte”, in which Ermengarde donated Narbonne to her husband, by charter dated 1142[1064]. It is not known whether this first marriage was finalised. The identity of her possible first husband has not been ascertained, unless he was Alphonse Jourdain Comte de Toulouse, the date of death of whose known wife Faydite has not been found."
     "[m firstly (1142) ALPHONSE Comte ---.]
Med Lands cites: [1064] Catel (1633), p. 589.¹

     Bertrand d'Anduze Sire d'Anduze married Adelais de Roquefeuil circa 1150.²

Bertrand d'Anduze Sire d'Anduze died circa 1169.¹
     Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: XIV 35.¹

     Adelais de Roquefeuil was born circa 1132.¹ She married Bertrand d'Anduze Sire d'Anduze, son of Bernard IV d'Anduze Sire d'Anduze, de Portes et de Leques and Ermengarde de Narbonne Vicomtesse de Narbone, circa 1150.¹

     Reference: Genealogics cites: Europäische Stammtafeln, J.A. Stargardt Verlag Marburg., Detlev Schwennicke, Editor, Reference: XIV 35.¹

; Per Genealogics:
     "The first members of the Roquefeuil family appear around 900, and can be traced to the counts of Barcelona, who ascended to the throne of Aragón. In this era the family owned extensive lands in the department of Aveyron, Gard and Hérault in the Languedoc region of the south of France, and its men referred to themselves as barons de Roquefeuil and vicomtes de Creyssels. _Le Spicilège_ of Charles-Louis Montesquieu refers to a Roquefeuil who was an important figure in the time of Hugues Capet. Under a codicil of 21 February 1002, Henri de Roquefeuil founded the hospital of Notre Dame du Bonheur on the mountain of l'Espérou. In 1032 Séguin de Roquefeuil gave to the abbey of Saint-Guilhem-du-désert, diocese of Lodève, extensive lands in the counties of Lodève and the Rouergue. In 1080 Raymond de Roquefeuil made a large donation to the same abbey. This first house of Roquefeuil continued until Geoffroy de Roquefeuil, who had a daughter Adelais but no male heirs.
     "About 1150 Adelais married Bertrand d'Anduze, sire d'Anduze, seigneur d'Alais, son of Bernard IV d'Anduze, sire d'Anduze, de Leques, de Portes. A condition of the marriage was that the children born of it would in perpetuity carry the name and arms of Roquefeuil. Adelais and Bernard had two sons, Bernard VI and Raymond I, both of whom would have progeny. The elder son Bernard continued the line of Anduze, while the second son Raymond inherited from his mother and founded the second house of Roquefeuil.
     "The Anduze were a powerful dynasty established in the Cévennes. It was probably a branch of the house of the counts of Toulouse. Like the Anduze, their cousins the Roquefeuil struck their own coins in the mint works of Sommières around 1236.
     "The related branch of the Roccaful served the kings of Aragón and participated in the 'Reconquista' of the Spanish against the Moors."¹